Periodontal Therapy
The word periodontal means “around the tooth”. Periodontal disease attacks the gums and bone that support your teeth. Plaque is a sticky film composed of food debris, bacteria and saliva. If plaque is not removed, it turns into calculus (tartar). When plaque and calculus are not removed, they begin to destroy the gums and bone. Periodontal disease is characterized by red, swollen and bleeding gums.
Four out of five people have periodontal disease and don’t know it! Most people are not aware of it because the disease is usually painless in the early stages.
Not only is it the number one reason for tooth loss, research suggests that there may be a link between periodontal disease and diseases such as diabetes, stroke, bacterial pneumonia, cardiovascular disease and increased risk during pregnancy. Smoking also increases the risk of periodontal disease.
Good oral hygiene, a balanced diet and regular dental visits can help reduce your risk of developing periodontal disease.
Signs and symptoms if Periodontal Disease
- Bleeding Gums – Gums should never bleed, even when you brush vigorously or use dental floss.
- Loose Teeth – Also caused by bone loss or weakened periodontal fibers (fibers that connect the tooth to the bone).
- New Spacing Between Teeth – Caused by bone loss.
- Persistent Bad Breath – Caused by bacteria in the mouth.
- Pus around the Teeth and Gums – Sign that there is an infection present.
- Receding Gums – Loss of gum around a tooth.
- Red and Puffy Gums – Gums should never be red or swollen.
- Tenderness or Discomfort – Plaque, calculus and bacteria irritate the gums and teeth.
Diagnosis
Periodontal disease is diagnosed by your dentist or dental hygienist during a periodontal examination. This type of exam should always be part of your regular dental check-up.
A periodontal probe (small dental instrument) is gently used to measure the sulcus (pocket or space) between the tooth and the gums. The depth of a healthy sulcus measures three millimeters or less and does not bleed. The periodontal probe helps indicate if pockets are deeper than three millimeters. As periodontal disease progresses, the pockets usually get deeper.
Your dentist or hygienist will use pocket depths, amount of bleeding, inflammation, tooth mobility, etc., to make a diagnosis that will fall into a category below:
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is the first stage of periodontal disease. Plaque and its toxin by-products irritate the gums, making them tender, inflamed and likely to bleed.
Periodontitis
As plaque continues to build up it hardens into calculus (tartar) and the gums begin to recede from the teeth. Deeper pockets form between the gums and teeth and become filled with bacteria and pus. The gums become very irritated, inflamed and bleed easily. Slight to moderate bone loss may be present.
Advanced Periodontitis
The teeth lose more support as the gums, bone and periodontal ligament continue to be destroyed. Unless treated, the affected teeth will become very loose and may be lost. Generalized moderate to severe bone loss may be present.
Treatment
Periodontal treatment methods depend upon the type and severity of the disease present. Your dentist and dental hygienist will evaluate for periodontal disease and recommend the appropriate treatment.
Periodontal disease progresses as the pocket or space between the tooth and gums gets filled with bacteria, plaque and tartar, causing irritation to the surrounding tissues. When these irritants remain in the pocket space, they can cause damage to the gums and eventually the bone that supports the teeth!
If the disease has progressed to more advanced stages, a special periodontal cleaning called scaling and root planing (deep cleaning) will be recommended. In this procedure, tartar, plaque and toxins are removed from above and below the gum line (scaling) and rough spots on the root surfaces are made smooth (planing) while the area is numb. This procedure helps pockets to shrink and gum tissue to heal. Once an area of infected tissues has been cleaned, a localized antibiotic may be recommended to continue the healing process. The antibiotic is placed into the deep pockets and released over thirty days, giving it the best chance to heal. Medications, special prescription mouth rinses and an electric tooth brush may be recommended to help control infection and healing. You will also be given instructions on improving your daily oral hygiene habits and recommended dental cleaning frequency.
If the pockets do not heal after scaling and root planing, periodontal surgery may be needed to reduce pocket depths, making teeth easier to clean.
Maintenance
It only takes twenty four hours for plaque that is not removed from your teeth to turn into calculus (tartar)! Daily home cleaning helps control plaque and tartar formation, but those hard to reach areas will always need special attention.
Once your periodontal treatment has been completed, your dentist and dental hygienist will recommend that you have regular maintenance cleanings (periodontal cleaning), usually three to four times a year. At these cleaning appointments, the pocket depths will be carefully checked to ensure that they are healthy. Plaque and calculus that is difficult for you to remove on a daily basis will be removed from above and below the gum line.
In addition to your periodontal cleaning and evaluation, your appointment will usually include:
- Examination of diagnostic x-rays (radiographs): Essential for detection of decay, tumors, cysts and bone loss, as well as determining tooth and root positions.
- Examination of existing restorations: Check current fillings, crowns, etc.
- Examination of tooth decay: Check all tooth surfaces for decay.
- Oral cancer screening: Check the face, neck, lips, tongue, throat, cheek tissues and gums for any signs of oral cancer.
- Oral hygiene recommendations: Review and recommend oral hygiene aids as needed. (Electric toothbrushes, special periodontal brushes, fluorides, rinses, etc.)
- Teeth polishing: Remove stain and plaque that is not otherwise removed during tooth brushing and scaling.
Good oral hygiene practices and periodontal cleanings are essential in maintaining dental health and keeping periodontal disease under control.
